Swiss voters rejected a proposal to cap the country’s population at 10 million people on Sunday, with about 55 percent voting against and 45 percent in favour. Turnout reached 59 percent, well above the recent Swiss average of 48 percent for referendums, reflecting the intensity of the debate in a country whose population currently stands around 9 million.

The initiative was put forward by the Swiss People’s Party, the country’s largest right-wing party, which argued that rapid population growth was straining public services, pushing up rents and fundamentally changing the character of Swiss cities and rural areas. If passed, the measure would have required the government to reduce net immigration and potentially renegotiate bilateral agreements with the European Union.

Urban voters drove the rejection. The Swiss People’s Party president said the initiative had performed strongly in rural cantons but was ultimately defeated by the country’s more densely populated cities, where residents were more likely to see immigration as an economic necessity and a contributor to cultural and social life.

A yes vote would have put Switzerland on a collision course with the European Union, with which it has 120 bilateral agreements covering the free movement of workers, trade and research cooperation. EU officials had signalled that a population cap would be incompatible with the existing framework, raising the prospect of renegotiated or suspended agreements. Business groups warned that restricting labour inflows would damage sectors from banking to healthcare that rely heavily on workers from EU countries.

The vote outcome maintains the status quo in Switzerland’s complex relationship with the EU, which has been a defining issue in Swiss politics for more than two decades. The country is not an EU member but depends on the single market for a significant share of its trade and operates under many EU rules in practice.

Population pressure is a genuine concern for many Swiss residents. Housing costs in Zurich, Geneva and Basel have risen sharply over the past decade, and public transport and school systems in major cities are operating under strain. Supporters of the initiative argued that slower growth was necessary to preserve quality of life, even if the legal mechanism for achieving it was blunt.

The result was welcomed by the Swiss government, the business community and EU officials. Swissinfo reported that the Federal Council, which had urged a no vote, said the outcome confirmed that Switzerland’s voters understood the economic risks of the proposal. The Swiss People’s Party is expected to bring forward further immigration-related initiatives in the next parliamentary session. Its leadership said the high yes vote showed the population cap idea retained significant support despite the result.