It has been roughly 14 months since India and Pakistan fought a four-day war in May 2025 following the Pahalgam terror attack, a conflict described by Al Jazeera as arguably the most serious military confrontation between the two nuclear-armed neighbors since 1971. A ceasefire ended the fighting, but the structural issues that led to the war remain unresolved, and new flashpoints have emerged in the months since.

What India Achieved and What It Did Not

India’s Operation Sindoor achieved its stated immediate objective of striking militant infrastructure targets inside Pakistan in response to the Pahalgam attack. The operation demonstrated India’s willingness to act kinetically across the Line of Control when it determined the threshold had been crossed.

What India did not achieve was a permanent change in Pakistan’s support for militant groups operating against Indian interests. India’s foreign ministry made this the explicit condition for restoring the Indus Waters Treaty, and as of June 2026 that condition has not been met.

What Pakistan Learned and Where the Country Stands Now

Pakistan absorbed Indian strikes and demonstrated that its own military capabilities remain credible enough to deter India from a sustained campaign. The ceasefire was reached without Pakistan making public concessions on any of India’s core demands.

The economic cost of the conflict and its aftermath has been significant. Pakistan’s economy was already under IMF supervision before the war, and the combination of conflict spending, reduced foreign investment confidence, and now the water treaty suspension has complicated the stabilization program.

Track-II talks in Colombo this month are the first indication that both sides may eventually move toward formal dialogue.

A year after Operation Sindoor, the guns are quiet and the problems are not. Both sides learned something from the war. Neither has yet decided what to do with what they learned.