Nigeria and the United States formalized a deepened security partnership this week, signing a bilateral framework that will expand American military assistance to Nigerian forces fighting armed groups in the country’s northwest and northeast regions. The agreement was announced jointly by the Nigerian Ministry of Defence and the US Embassy in Abuja on Friday.

Under the terms of the framework, the United States will increase personnel from US Africa Command embedded with Nigerian military planning units, provide additional surveillance equipment for border monitoring, and expand training programmes for Nigerian special forces. American officials described the package as the most significant security cooperation agreement between the two countries in over a decade.

Nigeria’s military is fighting on two fronts simultaneously. In the northeast, the conflict against Boko Haram and its breakaway faction ISWAP has continued for more than 15 years, displacing millions of people in Borno, Yobe, and Adamawa states. In the northwest, large criminal gangs operating under the local name “bandits” have seized territory across Zamfara, Katsina, and Kebbi states, carrying out mass kidnappings and attacks on farming communities.

Nigerian officials said the partnership would also include joint counterterrorism exercises and cooperation on tracking cross-border financial flows used to fund armed groups. Nigeria has the largest economy and military in sub-Saharan Africa and has increasingly pushed for more direct US engagement as insurgent groups have grown in reach and capability.

The agreement comes as the Biden-era foreign policy framework that had prioritised democracy conditions on military aid gives way to a more transactional approach under the current US administration. Nigeria’s government has been engaging simultaneously with both Washington and Beijing on defence-related procurement, seeking to avoid dependence on any single partner.

US Africa Command, known as AFRICOM, maintains no permanent base in Nigeria but has operated from Niger and other regional partners. The US Africa Command oversees all American military activity on the continent. Regional security deterioration has driven demand for Western partnerships — the EU’s latest Russia sanctions package also addressed financing of African proxy conflicts. Nigeria’s economic pressures are linked to rising oil market volatility that affects federal revenues and security budgets.